For the Chen Dynasty empress whose Buddhist nun name was "Guanyin", see Empress Shen Wuhua.

Depiction

Guanyin is the Chinese name for the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara.
However, folk traditions in China and other East Asian countries have
added many distinctive characteristics and legends. Avalokiteśvara was
originally depicted as Buddha when he was still a prince, and therefore
wears chest-revealing clothing and may even sport a moustache. However,
in China, Guanyin is usually depicted as a woman. Additionally, some
people believe that Guanyin is neither man nor woman.

In China, Guanyin is usually shown in a white flowing robe, and
usually wearing necklaces of Indian/Chinese royalty. In the right hand
is a water jar containing pure water, and in the left, a willow branch. The crown usually depicts the image of Amitabha Buddha, Guan Yin's spiritual teacher before she became a Bodhisattva.

In some Buddhist temples and monasteries, Guanyin images are
occasionally depicted as a young man dressed in Northern Song Buddhist
robes sitting gracefully. He is usually depicted looking or glancing
down, symbolising that Guanyin continues to watch over the world.

There are also regional variations of Guan Yin depictions. In the Fukien
region of China, for example, a popular depiction of Guan Yin is as a
maiden dressed in Tang dynasty style clothing carrying a fish basket. A
popular image of Guan Yin as both Guan Yin of the South Sea and Guan
Yin With a Fish Basket can be seen in late 1500s Chinese encyclopedias
and in prints that accompany the novel Golden Lotus.

In Chinese art, Guan Yin is often depicted either alone, standing
atop a dragon, accompanied by a bird, flanked by two children, or
flanked by two warriors. The two children are her acolytes who came to
her when she was meditating at Mount Putuo. The girl is called Long Nü and the boy Shan Tsai. The two warriors are the historical character Guan Yu who comes from the Three Kingdoms period and the mythological character Wei Tuo
who features in the Chinese classic Canonisation of the Gods. The
Buddhist tradition also displays Guan Yin, or other buddhas and
bodhisattvas, flanked with the two said warriors, but as bodhisattvas
who protect the temple and the faith itself.

[edit] Veneration

In Chinese Buddhist iconography, Guan Yin is often depicted as
meditating or sitting alongside one of the Buddhas and usually
accompanied by another bodhisattva. Which buddha or bodhisattva usually
depends upon which school it represents. In the Pure Land school, for
example, Guan Yin is frequently depicted as standing alongside Amitabha
Buddha and bodhisattva Mahasthamaprapta. Temples that revere the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha usually depict him meditating alongside the Buddha and Guan Yin.

Along with Buddhism, Guanyin's veneration was introduced into China as early as the 1st century CE, and reached Japan by way of Korea soon after Buddhism was first introduced into the country in the mid-7th century.

More recently in Europe and America, a new wave of believers are
spreading a devotional cult beyond buddhism, taoism and folk
traditional beliefs. Guan Yin is not only a bodhisattva or a goddess
but a focus of devotion by some Eastern New Age movements.

[edit] Guanyin's representation

Representations of the bodhisattva in China prior to the Song Dynasty (960-1279)
were masculine in appearance. Images which later displayed attributes
of both genders are believed to be in accordance with the Lotus Sutra,
where Avalokitesvara has the supernatural power of assuming any form
required to relieve suffering, and also has the power to grant children
(possibly relating to the fact that in this Sutra -unlike in others-
both men and women are believed to have ability to achieve
enlightment). Because this bodhisattva is considered the
personification of compassion and kindness, a mother-goddess and patron
of mothers and seamen, the representation in China was further
interpreted in an all-female form around the 12th century. In the
modern period, Guan Yin is most often represented as a beautiful,
white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier Pandaravasini form.

[edit] Legends

[edit] Guanyin and the Thousand Arms

One Buddhist legend presents Guan Yin as vowing to never rest until she had freed all sentient beings from samsara,
reincarnation. Despite strenuous effort, she realized that still many
unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the
needs of so many, her head split into eleven pieces. Amitabha Buddha,
seeing her plight, gave her eleven heads with which to hear the cries
of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them,
Avalokitesvara attempted to reach out to all those who needed aid, but
found that her two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitabha came
to her aid and appointed her a thousand arms with which to aid the
many. Many Himalayan versions of the tale include eight arms with which
Avalokitesvara skillfully upholds the Dharma, each possessing its own particular implement, while more Chinese-specific versions give varying accounts of this number.

In China, it is said that fishermen used to pray to her to ensure safe voyages. The titles Guan Yin of the Southern Ocean (南海觀音) and 'Guan Yin (of/on) the Island' stem from this tradition.

[edit] Legend of Miao Shan

Another story describes Guan Yin as the daughter of a cruel king who
wanted her to marry a wealthy but uncaring man. The story is usually
ascribed to the research of the Buddhist monk Chiang Chih-ch'i in
1100AD. The story is likely to have a Taoist
origin. Chiang Chih-ch'i, when he penned the work, believed that the
Guan Yin we know today was actually a Buddhist princess called Miao
Shan (妙善), who had a religious following on Fragrant Mountain. Despite
this, however, there are many variants of the story in Chinese
mythology.

According to the story, after the king asked his daughter Miao Shan
to marry the wealthy man, she told him that she would obey his command,
so long as the marriage eased three misfortunes.

The king asked his daughter what were the three misfortunes that the
marriage should ease. Miao Shan explained that the first misfortune the
marriage should ease was the suffering people endure as they age. The
second misfortune it should ease was the suffering people endure when
they fall ill. The third misfortune it should ease was the suffering
caused by death. If the marriage could not ease any of the above, then
she would rather retire to a life of religion forever.

When her father asked who could ease all the above, Miao Shan pointed out that a doctor was able to do all these.

Her father grew angry as he wanted her to marry a person of power
and wealth, not a healer. He forced her into hard labor and reduced her
food and drink but this did not cause her to yield.

Every day she begged to be able to enter a temple and become a nun instead of marrying. Her father eventually allowed her to work in the temple, but asked the monks
to give her very hard chores in order to discourage her. The monks
forced Miao Shan to work all day and all night, while others slept, in
order to finish her work. However, she was such a good person that the
animals living around the temple began to help her with her chores. Her
father, seeing this, became so frustrated that he attempted to burn
down the temple. Miao Shan put out the fire with her bare hands and
suffered no burns. Now struck with fear, her father ordered her to be
put to death.

In one version of this legend, when she was executed, a supernatural
tiger took Guan Yin to one of the more hell-like realms of the dead.
However, instead of being punished by demons like the other inmates,
Guan Yin played music and flowers blossomed around her. This completely
surprised the head demon. The story says that Guan Yin, by merely being
in that hell, turned it into a paradise.

A variant of the legend says that Miao Shan allowed herself to die
at the hand of the executioner. According to this legend, as the
executioner tried to carry out her father's orders, his axe shattered
into a thousand pieces. He then tried a sword which likewise shattered.
He tried to shoot Miao Shan down with arrows but they all veered off.

Finally in desperation he used his hands. Miao Shan, realising the
fate the executioner would meet at her father's hand should she fail to
let herself die, forgave the executioner for attempting to kill her. It
is said that she voluntarily took on the massive karmic guilt the
executioner generated for killing her, thus leaving him guiltless. It
is because of this that she descended into the Hell-like realms. While
there she witnessed firsthand the suffering and horrors beings there
must endure and was overwhelmed with grief. Filled with compassion, she
released all the good karma she had accumulated through her many
lifetimes, thus freeing many suffering souls back into Heaven and
Earth. In the process that Hell-like realm became a paradise. It is
said that Yanluo, King of Hell,
sent her back to Earth to prevent the utter destruction of his realm,
and that upon her return she appeared on Fragrant Mountain.

Another tale says that Miao Shan never died but was in fact
transported by a supernatural tiger, believed to be the Deity of the
Place, to Fragrant Mountain.

The Legend of Miao Shan usually ends with Miao Chuang Yen, Miao Shan's father, falling ill with jaundice.
No physician was able to cure him. Then a monk appeared saying that the
jaundice could be cured by making a medicine out of the arm and eye of
one without anger. The monk further suggested that such a person could
be found on Fragrant Mountain. When asked, Miao Shan willingly offered
up her eyes and arms. Miao Chuang Yen was cured of his illness and went
to the Fragrant Mountain to give thanks to the person. When he
discovered that his own daughter had made the sacrifice, he begged for
forgiveness. The story concludes with Miao Shan being transformed into
the Thousand Armed Guan Yin, and the king, queen and her two sisters
building a temple on the mountain for her. She began her journey to heaven
and was about to cross over into heaven when she heard a cry of
suffering from the world below. She turned around and saw the massive
suffering endured by the people of the world. Filled with compassion,
she returned to earth, vowing never to leave till such time as all suffering has ended.

After her return to Earth, Guan Yin was said to have stayed for a few years on the island of Mount Putuo
where she practised meditation and helped the sailors and fishermen who
got stranded. Guan Yin is frequently worshipped as patron of sailors
and fishermen due to this. She is said to frequently becalm the sea
when boats are threatened with rocks. After some decades Guan Yin
returned to Fragrant Mountain to continue her meditation.

[edit] Guanyin and Shan Tsai

Legend has it that Shan Tsai (also called Sudhana in Sanskrit)
was a disabled boy from India who was very interested in studying the
Buddha Dharma. When he heard that there was a Buddhist teacher on the
rocky island of Putuo he quickly journeyed there to learn. Upon
arriving the island, he managed to find Bodhisattva Guan Yin despite
his severe disability.

Guan Yin, after having a discussion with Shan Tsai, decided to test
the boy's resolve to fully study the Buddhist teachings. She conjured
the illusion of three sword-wielding pirates running up the hill to
attack her. Guan Yin took off and dashed off to the edge of a cliff,
the three illusions still chasing her.

Shan Tsai, seeing that his teacher was in danger, hobbled uphill.
Guan Yin then jumped over the edge of the cliff, and soon after this
the three bandits followed. Shan Tsai, still wanting to save his
teacher, managed to crawl his way over the cliff edge.

Shan Tsai fell down the cliff but was halted in midair by Guan Yin,
who now asked him to walk. Shan Tsai found that he could walk normally
and that he was no longer crippled. When he looked into a pool of water
he also discovered that he now had a very handsome face. From that day
forth, Guan Yin taught Shan Tsai the entire Buddha Dharma.

[edit] Guanyin and Lung Nü

Many years after Shan Tsai became a disciple of Guan Yin, a
distressing event happened in the South Sea. The sons of one of the
Dragon Kings (a ruler-god of the sea) was caught by a fisherman while
taking the form of a fish. Being stuck on land, he was unable to
transform back into his dragon form. His father, despite being a mighty
Dragon King, was unable to do anything while his son was on land.
Distressed, the son called out to all of Heaven and Earth.

Hearing this cry, Guan Yin quickly sent Shan Tsai to recover the
fish and gave him all the money she had. The fish at this point was
about to be sold in the market. It was causing quite a stir as it was
alive hours after being caught. This drew a much larger crowd than
usual at the market. Many people decided that this prodigious situation
meant that eating the fish would grant them immortality, and so all
present wanted to buy the fish. Soon a bidding war started, and Shan
Tsai was easily outbid.

Shan Tsai begged the fish seller to spare the life of the fish. The
crowd, now angry at someone so daring, was about to prise him away from
the fish when Guan Yin projected her voice from far away, saying "A
life should definitely belong to one who tries to save it, not one who
tries to take it."

The crowd realising their shameful actions and desire, dispersed.
Shan Tsai brought the fish back to Guan Yin, who promptly returned it
to the sea. There the fish transformed back to a dragon and returned
home. Paintings of Guan Yin today sometimes portray her holding a fish
basket, which represents the aforementioned tale.

But the story does not end here. As a reward for Guan Yin saving his
son, the Dragon King sent his granddaughter, a girl called Lung Nü
("dragon girl", to present to Guan Yin with the Pearl of Light. The
Pearl of Light was a precious jewel owned by the Dragon King that
constantly shone. Lung Nü, overwhelmed by the presence of Guan Yin,
asked to be her disciple so that she might study the Buddha Dharma.
Guan Yin accepted her offer with just one request: that Lung Nü be the
new owner of the Pearl of Light.

In popular iconography, Lung Nü and Shan Tsai are often seen
alongside Guan Yin as two children. Lung Nü is seen either holding a
bowl or an ingot,
which represents the Pearl of Light, whereas Shan Tsai is seen with
palms joined and knees slightly bent to show that he was once crippled.

[edit] Guanyin and Vegetarianism

Due to her symbolising compassion, in East Asia Guan Yin is associated with vegetarianism. Chinese vegetarian restaurants are generally decorated with her image, and she appears in most Buddhist vegetarian pamphlets and magazines.

[edit] Guanyin in Chinese Buddhism

In Chinese Buddhism, Guanyin/Kuan Yin/Kannon/Kwannon is synonymous
with the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, the pinnacle of mercy and
compassion. Among the Chinese, Avalokitesvara is almost exclusively
called Guan Shi Yin Pu Sa. The Chinese translation of many Buddhist sutras has in fact replaced the Chinese transliteration of Avalokitesvara with Guan Shi Yin.

In Chinese Buddhism, the popular myth and worship of Guan Yin as a
goddess by the populace is generally not viewed to be in conflict with
the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara's nature. In fact the widespread worship
of Guan Yin as a "Goddess of Mercy and Compassion" is seen as the
boundless salvific nature of bodhisattva Avalokitesvara at work. The
Buddhist canon states that bodhisattvas can assume whatsoever gender
and form is needed to liberate beings from ignorance and dukkha. With specific reference to Avalokitesvara, he is stated both in the Lotus Sutra and the Surangama Sutra
to have appeared before as a woman or a goddess to save beings from
suffering and ignorance. Some Buddhist schools refer to Guan Yin both
as male and female interchangeably.

Also in Mahayana Buddhism, to which Chinese Buddhism belongs, gender
is no obstacle to Enlightenment. The Buddhist concept of non-duality
applies here. The Vimalakirti Sutra in the Goddess chapter clearly
illustrates an Enlightened being who is also a female and deity. In the
Lotus Sutra a maiden became Enlightened in a very short time span. That
bodhisattva Avalokitesvara is also the goddess Guan Yin is not seen as
contradictory.

Given that bodhisattvas are known to incarnate at will as living
people according to the sutras, the princess Miao Shan is generally
viewed as an incarnation of Avalokitesvara.

Guanyin is immensely popular among Chinese Buddhists, especially
those from devotional schools. She is generally seen as a source of
unconditional love and more importantly as a savior. In her bodhisattva
vows, Guan Yin promises to answer the cries and pleas of all beings and
to liberate all beings from their own karmic woes. Based upon the Lotus
Sutra and the Shurangama sutra, Avalokitesvara is generally seen as a
savior, both spiritually and physically. The sutras state that through
his saving grace even those who have no chance of being Enlightened can
be Enlightened, and those deep in negative karma can still find
salvation through his compassion.

In Pure Land Buddhism, Guan Yin is described as the "Bark of
Salvation". Along with Amitabha Buddha and the bodhisattva
Mahastamaprata, She temporarily liberates beings out of the Wheel of
Samsara into the Pure Land, where they will have the chance to accrue
the necessary merit so as to be a Buddha in one lifetime.

Even among Chinese Buddhist schools that are non-devotional, Guan
Yin is still highly venerated. Instead of being seen as an active
external force of unconditional love and salvation, the personage of
Guan Yin is highly revered as the principle of compassion, mercy and
love. The act, thought and feeling of compassion and love is viewed as
Guan Yin. A merciful, compassionate, loving individual is said to be
Guan Yin. A meditative or contemplative state of being at peace with
oneself and others is seen as Guan Yin.

In the Mahayana canon, the Heart Sutra is ascribed entirely to the
bodhisattva Kuan Yin/Kwannon. This is unique, as most Mahayana Sutras
are usually ascribed to Shakyamuni Buddha and the teachings, deeds or
vows of the bodhisattvas are described by Shakyamuni Buddha. In the Heart Sutra, Guan Yin/Avalokitesvara describes to the Arhat Sariputra
the nature of reality and the essence of the Buddhist teachings. The
famous Buddhist saying "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form" comes
from this sutra.

[edit] Guanyin and Chinese Folk Belief

Guan Yin is an extremely popular Goddess in Chinese folk belief and
is worshipped in Chinese communities throughout East and South East
Asia. Guan Yin is revered in the general Chinese population due to her
unconditional love, compassion and mercy. She is generally regarded by
many as the protector of women and children. By this association she is
also seen as a fertility goddess capable of granting children. She is
also seen as the champion of the unfortunate, the sick, the disabled,
the poor, and those in trouble. Some coastal and river areas of China
regard her as the protector of fishermen, sailors, and generally people
who are out at sea. Due to her association with the legend of the Great Flood where she sent down a dog filled with rice
grains in its tail after the flood, she is worshipped as a rice
goddess. In some quarters, especially among business people and
traders, she is looked upon as a Goddess of Luck and Fortune. In recent
years there have been claims of her being the protector of air
travellers.

[edit] Guanyin and the Virgin Mary

Some Christian observers have commented on the similarity between Guan Yin and the Blessed Virgin Mary of Christianity, the mother of Jesus Christ. The Tzu-Chi
Foundation, a Taiwanese Buddhist organization, also noticing the
similarity, commissioned a portrait of Guan Yin and a baby that
resembles the typical Roman Catholic Madonna and Child painting.

Some Chinese of the overwhelmingly Roman Catholic Philippines, in an act of syncretism, have identified Guan Yin with the Virgin Mary.

During the Edo Period
in Japan, when Christianity was banned and punishable by death, some
underground Christian groups venerated the Virgin Mary disguised as a
statue of Kannon; such statues are known as Maria Kannon. Many had a cross hidden in an inconspicuous location.

[edit] Guanyin in popular culture

• Guan Yin plays a central role in the plot of the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

• In the manga/anime titled Saiyuki (Gensoumaden Saiyuki in Japan) (based on the Chinese tale Journey to the West), Guan Yin appears as Kanzeon Bosatsu, who appears as a minor, but still relevant, character. In this unorthodox take on Buddhism, Kanzeon is a smart-talking hermaphrodite who guides the Sanzo-ikkou on their quest to Shangri-La.

• In the X-Men comic books, there are two characters named after the deity: Kwannon and Kuan-Yin Xorn.

• A space probe called Kuan-Yin features in the 1982 science fiction novel Voyage from Yesteryear by James P. Hogan.

• The name of the Japanese company Canon Inc. derives from the Japanese name of the deity (see company's article for details).

• Her birthday, the 19th day of 2nd lunar month (6 April in 2007), based on Chinese calendar is a holiday in the Republic of China.

• In several comic books by Adam Warren Kuan Yin is the name of a high-tech weapons maker.

• Gotenks from the Dragon Ball/Dragon Ball Z manga and the Dragon Ball Z anime, uses an attack called "Senju Kannon Punch"
  (translated as Thousand Hand Guan Yin Punch) in which he launches a
  flurry of blows similar to a syogekiha while his arms move so fast that
  he appears to have hundreds of them.

[edit] References

• Martin Palmer, Jay Ramsay, Man-Ho Kwok: Kuan Yin. Myths and Prophecies of the Chinese Goddess of Compassion, Thorsons, San Francisco 1995, ISBN 1-85538-417-5
• Kuan Ming: Popular Deities of Chinese Buddhism, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 1985
• Chun-fang Yu, Kuan-yin, The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-231-12029-X
• John Blofeld: Bodhisattva of Compassion. The Mystical Tradition of Kuan Yin, Shambhala, Boston 1988, ISBN 0-87773-126-8
• Miao Yun: Teachings in Chinese Buddhism: Selected Translation of Miao Yun, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 1995
• Evolution of Avalokitesvara

[edit] See also

• Avalokiteśvara
• Zhang Jigang (creator of the Thousand Hand Guan Yin dance)
• Buddhism in China
• Tieguanyin, a variety of Chinese oolong tea named after Guan Yin
• Putuoshan (Mount Putuo), an island in Zhejiang province, China, considered to be the bodhimandala of Guan Yin
• Malaysian Chinese Gods
• Tara (Buddhism) (Tara is the female aspect of Avalokitesvara in Tibetan Buddhism.)
• Guanyin Statue of Hainan, the second tallest statue in the world

[edit] External links

• Kuan Yin, The Compassionate Rebel has a detailed anthropological analysis of the evolution of Kuan Yin, as well as a full explanation of the legend of Miao Shan.

• Isisdownunder's Kuan Yin Pictures and Information Explanation on Kuan Yin, Pictures, Prayers and more
• The Revelation of Master Devadip The 108 Glories of Kwan Yin
• Buddhanet: Kuan Yin Description on Kuan Yin
• Heart Sutra Explanation on Kuan Yin and the Heart Sutra
• Detailed history of Miao Shan Legend of Miao Shan
• Tzu-Chi organisation: Kuan Yin, Buddhist perspective
• [1] Kuan Yin Inspirational Quotations and Images